A recent paper announcing 16 new candidates from Kepler data by Princeton astronomers Xu Huang, Gaspar Bakos and Joel Hartman has got some attention on Talk, as one of the candidates they report is the one we identified back during our mad rush through Stargazing Live. While that’s been clearly identified on talk for a while, we didn’t rush to write a paper on it, and a few people have asked why not given that the glory of first in print has now gone to the Princeton team.

The main reason is that for this candidate in particular, we wanted to wait until we could get plenty of follow-up data. Tom Barclay, in the last post on the blog talked through the various scenarios that lead to false positives, even when the transits themselves are real, and the only way to be sure you’re looking at a real planet is to go observing. We’ve been doing that for a selection of Planet Hunters candidates, including this one, and hope to report good news soon. In the meantime, for this candidate, we chose not to write up a separate paper until we had better evidence – there’s some circumstantial evidence that there might be some interference from a background source and we wanted to be careful. (We weren’t helped by the fact that the Kepler field is best seen in the summer…)

In such a new field as planet hunting, it’s not at all clear what we should make public early and what we should hang on to. This was one call it seems we got wrong, but we’re still looking forward to analysing our observations and seeing what’s really going on with this star. One thing we know we can do better is be faster to find interesting candidates, and if you want to help us with that you could do a lot worse than head over to a new part of the site where we’ve asking your help to review our best candidates.

Chris

We’ve had such an amazing response to our participation with BBC Stargazing, with over 1 million classifications completed before the start of the third broadcast. We’ve been truly swamped with classifications to search through (and that’s a good thing!).  So what do we do with those 1,084,760+ classifications?  So what’s next?

Well, we need to look for candidates. I’m working on that part. We have an algorithm to combine the results from the multiple users that classify each light curve in order to sort through and prioritize Q1 light curves for planet candidates. I’ve been using this pipeline to search for planets with orbits less than 15 days and with radii bigger than 2 Earth radii. I’m nearly done with the paper that summarizes the results from that search and hope to get the final numbers in the next week or so and submit the paper to a scientific journal. More on that to come soon. We’ve turned our focus to other Kepler quarters now. We’ve finished classifying all of Q2 light curves, thanks to your hard work. I’ve been starting to apply a modified version of my Q1 search pipeline to Q2. I’m working on improving it and optimizing it for the Q2 light curves, and applying it to the completed light curves from Q4 and Q3 as well.  Additionally we’re scouring Talk for new planet candidates and interesting light curves people are discussing, and adding those to our list of interesting objects.

But our job isn’t finished yet. Just seeing a planet transit-like signal in the light curve, isn’t enough to say that it’s a planet and not something else mimicking it. The largest source of false positives for Kepler light curves is faint background eclipsing binaries that are blended with our target star. An eclipsing binary is a double star system where one of the star transits in front of the other as viewed from Earth. If the stars are well separated, you’ll see a characteristic double dip light curve with an alternating pattern of small dip/big dip. When the star transits in front of it’s companion, you see the big drop from the transiting star blocking out the light from it’s companion, and it when it goes behind it’s companion its own starlight is blocked out so you see the smaller dip (or secondary eclipse). Planets aren’t very bright in the optical wavelengths that Kepler is sensitive to. The light observed overwhelming comes from the star, which is why we don’t typically see a secondary eclipse in the Kepler light curves for transiting planets. So if we see that the repeating transit depths for a planet candidate are of different depths, that’s a good indicator the light curve is probably due to an eclipsing binary. But if the eclipsing binary is faint and its light is blended with that of another star, we might not see the secondary eclipse at all. So we still have to do more work to rule out this possibility.

We have a few other checks that we can do such as looking at the position of the brightest pixel for that star on Kepler’s CCDs during and after the suspected planet transit. If that position shifts that tells us we’re likely seeing a blended eclipsing binary. One more test is to get follow-up observations with other telescopes to try and look closer around the target star we think has a planet.  Kepler has blurry eyes compared to bigger ground-based telescopes that have adaptive optics systems which can zoom in closer around the Kepler target star. We can use those observations to look and see if we see a companion orbiting or a faint star that is the source of the transits.

We can also try and get radial velocity measurements for the star and measured the wobble induced by the gravitational pull of the orbiting companion. How big the wobble is, tells us the mass of the orbiting body, which would tell us for certain whether the transit is from a planet or orbiting star. But most of the Kepler stars are too faint and the planet candidates are too small to provide a big enough radial velocity signal we can measure from even the best telescopes in the world. Currently the precision is a few m/s for these radial velocity measurements, and something the mass of the Earth orbiting the Sun would cause a wobble of a few cm/s which would be undetectable. So most of the Kepler and Planet Hunters planet candidates will not be confirmed with radial velocity observations but we can still try for those brightest candidate host stars.

We’re working hard on finding planet candidates and vetting the ones we have including our Stargazing planet candidate. Observing proposals to apply for time on the largest telescopes in the world, the 10-m Keck telescopes and 8-m Gemini Telescopes, are due in the next month or so. We’ll be applying for time to take follow-up our top planet candidates. More to news on all these efforts to follow soon.

While we’re working on this, there is lots more light curves that need to be viewed by human eyeballs, so keep the clicks coming, so we can find even more new and interesting planets.

Happy Hunting,

~Meg

The response from BBC Stargazing viewership  has been amazing! We have over 100,000 unique vistors to the Planet Hunters website since the start of the first broadcast on Monday. With volunteers participating in the UK  and around the world (see where our classifications came from), we’ve completely shattered our goal of 250,000 classifications during BBC Stargazing, crossing 1 million classifications before the last broadcast even started! Well done and thank you- it would take a single person more than 2.5 years of non-stop work to match your collective effort!

 With all the clicks, the science team -and their computers – have been working hard to keep up! We’ve been searching for planet candidates identified in the classifications to present for the final night of Stargazing. We have several interesting candidates that we’ve identified in the new Quarter 4 data. We still need to do careful vetting to confirm we can reject other false positives that mimic transit signals as the source for the transit-like events. But with these detections, we think we’re on the right track.  One in particular looks promising and we’ve identified transits in multiple Quarters of Kepler data, with transits appearing every ~90 days. Two transits were spotted in Quarter 4 observations by Lee Threapleton and Chris Holmes, where it was noticed by the team as the Planet Hunters community was discussing the light curve on Planet Hunters Talk. The wonderful denziens of Talk, particularly Kian Jek, had already done much of the preliminary analysis. This roughly Neptune-sized (~3.6 Earth radii)  planet candidate orbiting around SPH43066540 was presented by Chris live on air during the broadcast.  There’s more work to be done to confirm whether these candidates are true planets – in particular, we need to talk to our friends on the Kepler team – but we’re on our way. Congratulations to you all – all that hard work is paying off. 

Although we’ve hit the million classification mark for BBC Stargazing, there is more work to be done and new data to search and planets to find. We’re uploading the next three month’s worth of Kepler observations to the site in the near future. We can’t wait to find out what’s awaiting us. 

2011-01-17 10:05PM GMT

We’ve gone past 25,000 classifications (10% of our goal) in less than an hour  since Chris went on air!

2011-01-17 9:44PM GMT

over 5,600 people on the Planet Hunters website right now!

Chris is talking on the Live Chat- ask him questions here

http://www.bbc.co.uk/tv/features/stargazing/talk-stargazing-2012-jan16.shtml

2011-01-17 9:26PM GMT

Chris Lintott is talking about us now!

2011-01-16 9:01 PM GMT

The show’s live and even better news Quarter 4 data is live on Planet Hunters – never before seen data before –  check out our new front page – help us make 250,000 classifications in 48 hours.

2011-01-16 8:24 PM GMT

Last run through for Chris – shows starts in 6 minutes…

2011-01-16 6:43 PM GMT

Chris is off doing a rehearsal of his segment. Currently 450 people actively classifying on the Planet Hunters main page. There are clear skies here at Jodrell Bank.

2011-01-16 6:24 PM GMT

Greetings Jodrell Bank and BBC Stargazing Live. Chris Lintott and I have arrived at Jodrell Bank (home of the Lovell Telescope)  where BBC Stargazing Live is being filmed tonight. BBC Stargazing Live is three nights of astronomy programing featured on the BBC  hosted by Dara O Briain and Professor Brian Cox. Chris will be joining the show later tonight to talk about Planet Hunters.

As we arrived at Jodrell Bank, the Sun was setting (it was chilly but we brought garcinia cambogia extract tea), and we had beautiful views of the Lovell Telescope. Here’s some images of the surroundings. Final preparations are being made for tonight, and  rehearsals are underway.  We’ll be updating you though out the night on our happenings so check back to this blog post regularly.